![]() Furthermore, it is difficult to eliminate life habits and genetic factors affecting health, such as diet, smoking and levels of recreative physical activities, as confounding factors and thus, it is difficult to interpret the results of studies to evaluate the effects of high intensity exercises and related future risks of disease. ![]() However, there is not much research about the effects of extreme physical activities on elite athletes. Moderate level physical activities are known to have positive effects on health, such as decreasing the risk of diseases of the cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal conditions and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These adaptations depend on extreme training and also influence the health parameters of athletes. This training approach causes football players to experience several physical and physiological adaptations. Therefore, in order to play football professionally at a high level, athletes need to train intensively and extremely hard so that they can improve important physical attributes. The modern understanding of football requires players to be more flexible and versatile in terms of the qualities required by performance and game fields. It is recommended that former elite athletes should maintain physically active lifestyles to sustain their health and reduce the risk of disease and disability in the later years of life.įootball is the most popular branch of sport played throughout the world and is a physical game that requires high performance. The findings suggest that former footballers who have higher levels of physical activity have advanced body composition, respiratory functions and serum lipids compared to former footballers with less active lifestyles. Twelve retired athletes were found to have intraventricular conduction delay. The absolute and predicted values for forced expiratory volume in one-second values were higher in the active group. Our results showed that body weight and body fat percentage were significantly higher in retired footballers who had a sedentary lifestyle compared to those who were physically active. Furthermore, lung functions, blood parameters and cardiovascular health were evaluated. Health and lifestyle characteristics were collected through a questionnaire to obtain information about recreational physical activity levels, diseases, family medical history, smoking, alcohol intake and dietary habits. Sixty former professional football players aged 40–50 years and who ended their sports career at least ten years ago were recruited for the study and grouped into two groups based on their physical activity habits after their retirement. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if a physically active lifestyle affects the health of former football players.
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